Why Is Herodotus Called Both, the Father of History & the Father of Lies?
Rick
Last updated
Herodotus reads his story and is crowned with a laurel wreath. He was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically. DIGITALVISION VECTORS/GETTY IMAGES
560 KB
View full-sizeDownload
One of the great ironies about Herodotus, the prolific Greek chronicler of the ancient world known as the "father of history," is that his own history is largely unknown.
image.png
9.81 MB
View full-sizeDownload Herodotus (Latin: Hērodotus, Ancient Greek: Ἡρόδοτος, romanized: Hēródotos; c. 484 – c. 425 BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He is known for having written the Histories – a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus was the first writer to perform systematic investigation of historical events. He has been described as "The Father of History", a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Cicero.
Scholars believe that Herodotus was born around 480 B.C.E. in the city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum in modern-day Turkey), but that's pretty much where the thread unravels.
Somehow, he had the means to travel all around the ancient world conducting research and collecting stories for his ambitious magnum opus, "The Histories."
Did Herodotus inherit a bunch of money from his family?
Was he a successful merchant or traveling lecturer?
Herodotus doesn't say.
Experts believe that he must have come from a wealthy family given the breadth of his travels and the fact that his writing style was so polished, which implies that he was highly educated.
"The Histories," written sometime in the later fifth century B.C.E., is a sprawling record of the growth of the Persian Empire over about a century, leading to the defeat of the huge Persian army and navy in Greece in 480-79 B.C.E., in what are called by the Greeks the "Persian Wars."
Herodotus takes long and meandering detours describing among other things the amazing city of Babylon, the course of Egyptian history and even the habits of the nomad Scythians north of the Black Sea.
Herodotus himself might remain a mystery, but his voice on the page is personal, engaging and playful, that of a natural-born storyteller with a seemingly endless curiosity to better understand the world around him, past and present.
Scholars haven't always been kind to Herodotus. Until recently, people prized him less as a "serious" historian than as a skilled raconteur who valued the entertainment impact of a juicy tale from the past rather than asking whether it actually happened.
But a new generation of historians are rescuing Herodotus's reputation as the true "father of history," a man who traveled to the edges of the known world and interviewed everyone from Egyptian priests to Babylonian farmers, collected stories of powerful queens and Median shepherd girls, in order to make sense of the complex course of human events, both great and small.
Contents
What History Meant to Herodotus
A Crazy Time to Be Alive
The Reliability and Legacy of Herodotus
What History Meant to Herodotus
"Herodotus of Halicarnassus here displays his inquiry, so that human achievements may not become forgotten in time, and great and marvelous deeds — some displayed by Greeks, some by barbarians — may not be without their glory."
That's how Herodotus opens "The Histories," not by invoking the gods or muses like his predecessor Homer, but by stating his intent, to record the "great and marvelous deeds" of humanity for future generations.
Herodotus didn't name his text "The Histories."
The title came later and was pulled from the Greek word for "inquiry" that Herodotus would have used in that opening line:
historíē.
"Historíē was an Ionian Greek word that didn't mean history, it meant 'investigation,'"
says Carolyn Dewald, a Professor Emerita of classical studies at Bard College in New York and co-editor of "The Cambridge Companion to Herodotus."
"To Herodotus, historíē meant some kind of fact-based exploration."
The challenge for an investigator of the past working in the fifth century B.C.E. was that almost nothing was written down.
Herodotus couldn't walk into the Athens library and check out a scroll or two on Egyptian history.
He had to go out and collect logoi, the "stories" told by people who either witnessed an event firsthand or had received knowledge passed down through strong oral traditions.
That was the best historical data Herodotus could get his hands on.
"What I admire very much about Herodotus is that he stays very close to his sources," says Dewald.
"He introduces each new account as 'The Persians say...' or 'The Lydians say...' He's truly exercising historíē in that he's getting as close as he can to the actual record of what happened, recognizing that it always depends on the point of view of the person telling the story."
Herodotus sometimes interjects his first-person voice into the narrative to weigh in on differing accounts of the same event, or to admit that he doesn't know the full truth.
"I am obliged to record the things I am told, but am certainly not required to believe them," Herodotus writes in one chapter of "The Histories".
and again in a later chapter:
"Anyone who finds such things credible can make of these Egyptian stories what he wishes.
My job, throughout this account, is simply to record whatever I am told by each of my sources."
What cements Herodotus as the "father of history" for scholars like Dewald is that "The Histories," even with its reliance on third person accounts, attempts to explain the course of human events through causal consequences — this set of decisions by people led to a certain action, which brought on another reaction, and so on.
Herodotus wasn't satisfied with knowing the who, what and when of history, but also the why.
Why did the Persians hate the Greeks so much in the first place?
Why did mighty Egypt, the crown jewel of antiquity, fall to the Persians?
Why did one powerful leader after another fall victim to pride, revenge or greed?
Herodotus "invented" history as we know it, Dewald says, because he was the first to see these myriad stories from the past as small parts of one much bigger story — the story of the known human world.
"That sounds obvious to us now, but it wasn't at all obvious when Herodotus was writing in the 440s B.C.E." says Dewald.
"The idea that he would take everybody's viewpoint — including that of hundreds of women — and make sure that the points of view of all the human actors are accounted for, was revolutionary."
A Crazy Time to Be Alive
Although we know very little about Herodotus the man, we know a lot about the time in which he lived.
Herodotus would have been at most a small child when a loose confederation of poor Greek city-states defeated the mighty Persians in the Persian Wars.
By the time he was a young man, he would have been a participant in creating fifth-century Greek civilization:
an intellectual
philosophical
political
revolution that shaped the course of Western culture.
Herodotus, living in a time of such an immense cultural shift, was trying to make sense of it all.
This may have been why he chose the Persian Wars as the foundational narrative of "The Histories."
The Persian Empire had been the biggest and most powerful empire the world had ever seen, stretching from Libya to India, and its rulers and military were highly competent and well-organized.
Why did the Greeks win?
A map of the world, according to Herodotus (c. 484 - c. 425 B.C.E.). ZU_09/GETTY IMAGES
422 KB
View full-sizeDownload
"The big question for Herodotus' generation was how on Earth did these 30 or so poor, independent, squabbling Greek cities:
(a) get together and agree to do something in unison
(b) how did they manage to defeat this enormous and very well-planned Persian attempt to defeat them?" says Dewald.
"Who knows, we might all be speaking a form of Persian today if they hadn't done that.
It's really a significant moment in world history that Herodotus is talking about."
The Reliability and Legacy of Herodotus
Cicero, the Roman statesman, called Herodotus the "father of history."
image.png
34.3 MB
View full-sizeDownload Marcus Tullius Cicero[a] (/ˈsɪsəroʊ/ SISS-ə-roh; Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs ˈtʊlli.ʊs ˈkɪkɛroː]; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists and the innovator of what became known as "Ciceronian rhetoric". Cicero was educated in Rome and in Greece. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order and served as consul in 63 BC.
Plutarch, a Greek philosopher who lived more than a century later than Cicero (first to second century C.E.), had another title for Herodotus:
image.png
1.27 MB
View full-sizeDownload Plutarch (/ˈpluːtɑːrk/; Greek: Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos; Koinē Greek: [ˈplúːtarkʰos]; c. AD 46 – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his Parallel Lives, a series of biographies of illustrious Greeks and Romans, and Moralia, a collection of essays and speeches. Upon becoming a Roman citizen, he was possibly named Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Λούκιος Μέστριος Πλούταρχος).
the "father of lies."
(Plutarch was peeved that Herodotus made it clear that Plutarch's own people, the Boeotians, had supported the wrong side in the war, the Persians.)
Herodotus has always been plagued by reliability issues.
His description of Ancient Babylon stands out as a particularly egregious example of an attempt to piece together details about a place that had been defeated twice by the Persians, with a lot of destruction, by Herodotus's time:
"The city stands on a broad plain, and is an exact square, a hundred and twenty furlongs [14 miles or 22.5 kilometers] in length each way, so that the entire circuit is four hundred and eighty furlongs [55 miles or 90 kilometers].
While such is its size, in magnificence there is no other city that approaches to it.
It is surrounded, in the first place, by a broad and deep moat, full of water, behind which rises a wall fifty royal cubits [~82 feet or 25 meters] in width, and two hundred in height [~328 feet or 100 meters] ...
At the top of the wall along the edges they built chambers of one story facing one another; and between the rows of chambers, they left space to drive a four-horse chariot.
In the circuit of the wall there are set a hundred gates made of bronze."
Dewald admits that Herodotus's descriptions of mud-brick walls rising up to the height of a very tall office building are "preposterous," even if he was relying on hand-me-down reports about walls no longer standing.
Other critics of Herodotus pointed to his fanciful accounts of giant ants in India that dig up gold, flying snakes in Arabia and long-tailed sheep whose tails are supported behind them on wheeled carts.
But modern scholars like Dewald come to Herodotus' defense.
"What I object to is people who say that Herodotus wasn't interested in accuracy," says Dewald.
"It's clear to me that he spends an incredible amount of time trying to get things right.
I think his critics badly misunderstood where he was coming from.
Given the immensity of the job he had to collect and assess all of that data, almost all scholars now admit it was very impressive."
The reality is that Herodotus, whether you choose to believe him or not, created the starting point from which every modern historian has begun their own historíē or inquiry into the life and times of the Mediterranean world and its environs in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E.
"A great deal of what we know about the archaic and early classical period in Greece we owe to Herodotus," says Dewald.
Now That's Cool
Herodotus' account of fox-sized ants spreading gold dust was dismissed for centuries, but in 1984 a French explorer named Michel Peissel confirmed that a fox-sized marmot in the Himalayas was known to spread gold dust when digging, and that the Persian word for "mountain ant" was close to the Persian word for "marmot," according to Ancient History Encyclopedia.
image.png
741 KB
View full-sizeDownload Michel Georges Francois Peissel (February 11, 1937 – October 7, 2011) was a French ethnologist, explorer and author. He wrote twenty books mostly on his Himalayan and Tibetan expeditions. Peissel was an emeritus member of the Explorers Club and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
