Daylight did not shine; moonlight had not emerged."
Fragment from the oldest known Sumerian Table
THE SUMERIAN KING LIST
One of the most remarkable and valuable historic documents is the so-called King List, which records the names of the Kings of Sumer and the lengths of their reigns from what was to them, the beginning of history - a time in the distant past when,
"Kingship descended from heaven"
and founded five cities in the Mesopotamian plain.
It records an interruption when,
"the Flood swept over the land,"
an event which we know as the Deluge or Great Flood.
The King List then resumes the narrative as "kingship descended" once more.
It describes the kings and their reigns down to part of the Isin Dynasty which began to rule about 1950 BC.
The King List attributes reigns of legendary and incredible lengths to many of the rulers of the earlier antediluvian kings.
In this sense, it affirms the enormous lifespans of the Patriarchs of the Old Testament.
While these extremely long reigns and lifespans cannot be explained, there is a consistency among the secular and religious sources that indicate they had a logic of their own which has yet to be perceived by current scholarship.
The King List has received mixed reviews among scholars, but since its records of the Fourth and Third Millennia BC have been corroborated separately by archeological evidence, it has been accepted by many as a valuable historical document.
In his work "The Sumerians" Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, the dean of Sumerian studies, endorses its value as a research tool.
He has suggested that the King List,
"If used with discrimination and understanding, provides us with a historical framework of inestimable value."
MESOPOTAMIA, THE CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION
Our story does not begin with the creation of the world. It starts with the arrival of intelligent life on Earth - the people we know historically as the Proto-Sumerians.
It is not known exactly when these ancestors of ours came here or why.
It is surmised that they arrived here quite some time before the world-wide catastrophe called the Deluge.
It was also long before the advent of modern man or Homo sapiens.
It is generally agreed that these Proto-Sumerians were the origin of our Western Civilization, and that their beginnings were in the area called Mesopotamia, literally,
"The land between the two rivers."
The arrival of these "gods" is reported in the records that their descendants left behind - the:
Sumerian
Akkadian
Babylonian
cuneiform tablets.
The land known as Mesopotamia and the cradle of civilization, lies mostly between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Originating in the mountains of Armenia in the north, the two rivers move in a gradually converging course down a wide and grassy plain to the Persian Gulf.
In early times, the area was made up of marsh and lagoon, much as it is today.
The introduction of an intensive river-canal system to irrigate and drain the plain gave rise to a dense population and to the establishment of a great culture.
The lower part of Mesopotamia became a very fertile garden area which the Sumerians referred to as E-DIN, or,
"The abode of the righteous ones."
It was the location of, and gave its name to, the Biblical Garden of Eden.
While the southern part of Mesopotamia came to be called Sumer, the area farther up the plain at the near convergence of the two rivers was later called Akkad.
The Akkadian city BAB-ILU became prominent and gave its name to the entire region - Babylonia.
After the Deluge, the Sumerian cities were rebuilt and resettled on the alluvial plain of Mesopotamia.
Since the oldest of these dates to about 3500 BC, and was built on virgin soil, it is clear that they were not built upon the ruins of the former city.
This is due to the fact that the waters of the Persian Gulf have risen some 150 feet since the Deluge, inundating the former cities.
This will be discussed later.
What reason or purpose brought these alien beings or Anunnaki, as they called themselves, to this planet we don’t know.
But from their legends and myths we can deduce that it was probably for commercial purposes.
According to the King List they came here over 240,000 years ago.
This document describes the activities of the antediluvian Anunnaki as,
"kingship descended from heaven"
and was first established at Eridu, the Erech of the Bible.
Here two kings ruled for 64,800 years.
Eridu was abandoned as the capital and the kingship was moved to Badtibira where three kings reigned for 108,000 years.
Then the kingship was moved to Larak and one king ruled for 28,800 years.
A fourth city to them become the capital was Sippar where one king, En-men-dur-ana, reigned for 21,000 years.
This En-men-dur-ana is important to our story, for, as we shall see, he was the Enoch of the Old Testament.
Detail from a 17th century Polish icon.
1.83 MB
View full-sizeDownload Enoch (/ˈiːnək/ ⓘ) is a biblical figure and patriarch prior to Noah's flood, and the son of Jared and father of Methuselah. He was of the Antediluvian period in the Hebrew Bible. The text of the Book of Genesis says Enoch lived 365 years before he was taken by God. The text reads that Enoch "walked with God: and he was no more; for God took him" (Gen 5:21–24), which is interpreted as Enoch entering heaven alive in some Jewish and Christian traditions, and interpreted differently in others. Enoch is the subject of many Jewish and Christian traditions. He was considered the author of the Book of Enoch and also called the scribe of judgment. In the New Testament, Enoch is referenced in the Gospel of Luke, the Epistle to the Hebrews, and in the Epistle of Jude, the last of which also quotes from it. In the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Oriental Orthodoxy, he is venerated as a Saint. The name of Enoch (Hebrew: חֲנוֹךְ Ḥănōḵ) derives from the Hebrew root חנך (ḥ-n-ḵ), meaning to train, initiate, dedicate, inaugurate, with חֲנוֹךְ/חֲנֹךְ (Ḥănōḵ) being the imperative form of the verb.
The kingship was then transferred to Shuruppak where one king ruled for 18,600 years.
Thus, as the tablet summarized, eight kings ruled over five cities for a total of 241,200 years.
The King List then states laconically, the Flood swept over the land, putting an end to all commercial and other activities.
These huge numbers have been a puzzle to scholars.
They are consistent throughout the King List and therefore are not erroneous.
While a rational explanation has thus far escaped historians, most researchers feel there must be some logical answer to these fanciful numbers since a parallel can be found in the enormous lifespans of the antediluvian Patriarchs.
It is entirely possible that these are not Earth years as we know them.
A divine year or "Year of An" is often mentioned in the cuneiform tablets and, although not fully understood, is probably not equivalent to our normal Earth year.
A reflection of this is found in the Old Testament (Psalms 90:4) where one divine day is said to be the equivalent of a thousand years.
Comment:
This same statement or something similar is also in the Koran, I think.
It was also not unusual for the ancients to compute time by other than normal Earth years as, for example, in the "Book of Jubilees" where a Jubilee year is equivalent to 50 regular years, that is, seven-week years (a week year was seven years) and one year added for atonement when all activities were supposed to cease.
Furthermore, there is an indication that the years of the King List have an underlying logic as it is found in their system of enumeration.
Their numerical system was sexagesimal in character but not strictly so, for they also made use of the factor of 10 as well as 6.
Thus, the sequence:
1
10
60
360
3600
takes on a special meaning in their mythology.
The number 60 held a special significance to the Sumerians, for in their system of numerical rank it was the highest number and assigned to their chief god An.
If the duration of the various terms of kingship is presented graphically, it becomes obvious that this sexagesimal system must underlie the fabulous numbers of the King List.
Called a "shar" by the Sumerians, the number 3600 appears to have a special meaning in this list.
It can be seen that, with slight adjustment, the years of reign of the Sumerian kings are divisible by this number It indicates that the term for the reign of a Sumerian antediluvian king was presumably a shar and was renewable every 3600 years.
The Sumerians and Akkadians did not call their alien visitors "gods."
It is in the later cultures that the notion of divine beings filtered into our language and thinking.
They called them "ilu" or the lofty ones, from which the Semitic "ili" and "el" of the Hebrew evolved.
Comment:
Prince Utu’s name in the Mayan language, interestingly, was/is Xōchipilli.
Xochipilli as depicted in the Borgia Codex
579 KB
View full-sizeDownload Xōchipilli [ʃoːt͡ʃiˈpilːi] is the god of art, games, dance, flowers, and song in Aztec mythology. His name contains the Nahuatl words xōchitl ("flower") and pilli (either "prince" or "child") and hence means "flower prince".
.
The Western word "god" has through usage come to mean superior spiritual beings, far removed from Man and incapable of defect or error.
On the other hand, Man is considered to be a blemished incomplete being, burdened with "original sin" and destined to worship and pay homage to an unreachable god.
The Sumerian gods were far from spiritual.
They were real live physical beings capable of committing serious errors and misjudgments.
They could be called "supermen" if this term could be applied genetically to a saurian race.
The Sumerian gods regarded Man as a convenience and nothing more.
He supplied their wants, kept their cities, and provided cannon fodder for their various military ventures.
The gods could be cruel and unsympathetic masters.
They considered humans merely as unruly children, no more important than pets, to be governed ruthlessly and without sentiment.
These accusations may seem like hyperbole to the reader, but we shall see, by subsequent events, that this was indeed the case.
Comment:
This notion is hauntingly similar to the discussion of the Archons of Destiny by John Baines in his book "The Stellar Man."
Although the term Anunnaki is used generically to apply to all the Proto-Sumerians who came to this planet, it means literally "the sons of An," their great god. In the antediluvian period, a large group of these Anunnaki descended from the mother ship to colonize Earth.
According to the "Enuma Elish," the Babylonian myth of creation, 300 of these Anunnaki descended to Earth while another 300 remained aboard the spaceship.
These were called "Igigi" and presumably were the technicians of the space craft.
THE SENIOR GODS
AN, THE FATHER OF THE ANUNNAKI
An, or Anu in Akkadian, meant "He of the Heavens" and his name was always written pictographically as a star.
He was the great progenitor and senior god who stood above all the other gods.
His abode and seat of authority was in the heavens, the orbiting spaceship or URU-SAG-AN-NA, literally "the chief city of the heavens."
Comment:
Anu in Greek/Roman was Kronos/Saturn, the son of Alalu or Uranus/Caelus.
Sitchin writes about how Anu and Antu staged a coup d’etat and deposed Alalu and Lilitu.
Greek mythology adds a curious footnote to this same story by stating that before usurping the throne from Uranus, Saturn first physically castrated his father.
They are indeed ruthless creatures, these saurians!
And it should be noted that although Planet Nibiru first arrived in our solar system around 500,000 Earth Years ago, the Sumerian King List doesn’t start until about 240,000 years ago.
Thus, the intervening years before the ascension of Anu and the start of the King List can be deduced to equal the reign of Alalu.
He descended to Earth only on special occasions, in time of crisis, or for ceremonial reasons.
When on Earth he would stay in his temple, the E-ANNA or "House of An" atop the ziggurat in Uruk, his sacred city.
The word ziggurat comes from the Babylonian "zaquru" and means,
"To be high or raised up."
It signifies the top of a mountain, or a staged tower and such a tower provided an artificial platform on the flat Mesopotamian plain.
Anu had three children - two sons Enlil and Enki and a daughter Ninhursag.
. The division of authority between his two sons caused much dissension, and the senior god spent much of his time settling disputes between them as well as his grandchildren.
Comment:
Goddess Ishtar on an Akkadian Empire seal, 2350–2150 BCE. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, places her foot in a dominant posture upon a lion secured by a leash and is accompanied by the star of Shamash.
6.04 MB
View full-sizeDownload Inanna[a] is the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, war, and fertility. She is also associated with sensuality, procreation, divine law, and political power. Originally worshipped in Sumer, she was known by the Akkadian Empire, Babylonians, and Assyrians as Ishtar (and occasionally the logogram 𒌋𒁯). Her primary title is "the Queen of Heaven".
Refer to "The Vengeful Birth of Lord Hellespontiacus" in which it was mentioned that Anu had to settle the dispute between Princess Inanna and Queen Ereshkigal over the "ownership" of the kidnapped infant Dumuzi, who eventually became the public lover of Princess Inanna.
The "Queen of Night Relief", which dates to the Old Babylonian Period and might represent either Ereshkigal or Ishtar
3.46 MB
View full-sizeDownload In Mesopotamian mythology, Ereshkigal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲 DEREŠ.KI.GAL, lit. "Queen of the Great Earth") was the goddess of Kur, the land of the dead or underworld in Sumerian mythology. In later myths, she was said to rule Irkalla alongside her husband Nergal. Sometimes her name is given as Irkalla, similar to the way the name Hades was used in Greek mythology for both the underworld and its ruler, and sometimes it is given as Ninkigal, lit. "Lady of the Great Earth". Ereshkigal was only one of multiple deities regarded as rulers of the underworld in Mesopotamia. The main temple dedicated to her was located in Kutha, a city originally associated with Nergal, and her cult had a very limited scope. No personal names with "Ereshkigal" as a theophoric element are known. In the ancient Sumerian poem Inanna's Descent to the Underworld, Ereshkigal is described as Inanna's older sister. However, this is a cultural artifact since the Sumerians used terms such as sister as a way to place each other on the same level in hierarchy. The two main myths involving Ereshkigal are the story of Inanna's descent into the Underworld and the story of Ereshkigal's marriage to the god Nergal. Other myths also associate her with gods such as Ninazu, originally regarded as her husband but later as a son, and Ningishzida.
Although he was the younger son of An, Enlil became the most powerful god of the Sumerian pantheon next to An.
Literally "The Lord of the Command,"Enlil was commander of the expedition of the Anunnaki to Earth.
Statuette of Enlil sitting on his throne from the site of Nippur, dated to 1800–1600 BC, now on display in the Iraq Museum
1.82 MB
View full-sizeDownload Enlil, later known as Elil and Ellil, is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms. He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon, but he was later worshipped by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hurrians. Enlil's primary center of worship was the Ekur temple in the city of Nippur, which was believed to have been built by Enlil himself and was regarded as the "mooring-rope" of heaven and earth. He is also sometimes referred to in Sumerian texts as Nunamnir. According to one Sumerian hymn, Enlil himself was so holy that not even the other gods could look upon him. Enlil rose to prominence during the twenty-fourth century BC with the rise of Nippur. His cult fell into decline after Nippur was sacked by the Elamites in 1230 BC and he was eventually supplanted as the chief god of the Mesopotamian pantheon by the Babylonian national god Marduk.
He had many appellations which described his authority:
Lord of Heaven and Earth
Lord of All the Lands
Giver of the Kingships
Prince of Heaven
Chief of Earth
Enlil was actually the archetype for the god of the Western Lands of Palestine and Syria - the "El" of the Semites and particularly the generic "El" or "Elohim" of the Bible.
Enlil made sure that the decrees of the gods in council were carried out against Mankind.
He is often depicted with bow and arrow, symbolic of the powerful weapons at his disposal to enforce his authority.
Enlil disliked Mankind and only tolerated humans as necessary to provide for the welfare of the gods.
It was Enlil, according to the Sumerian story of the Deluge, who brought on the destruction of Mankind because the noise of the boisterous humans interfered with his rest.
The temple dedicated to him at Nippur was called the DUR-AN-KI or "bond of heaven and earth,"from where he directed the activities of Mankind.
This structure is described in part in the cuneiform tablets as some type of communication or control center.
From his temple atop the Ekur at Nippur, it was said that he had,
"Eyes that could scan the land."
The equipment used sounds very much like some sort of radar or scanning device for the tablets state that,
"he raises the beams that search the heart of all the lands."
Enlil’s rule was at times turbulent.
One day, seeing a goddess naked and bathing by a stream on Earth below, he became enamored of her and descended to seduce her.
The pantheon was horrified at the escapade of Enlil since it apparently abrogated one of their basic conventions.
Although he was the chief god, he was exiled from the spaceship and stripped of his powers.
Only after marrying and making her his chief wife did the pantheon relent and let Enlil return to resume his authority.
Enlil named her Ninlil and gave her status equivalent to his own.
The result of this episode was a son called Nanna who became Enlil’s favorite.
Nann was given rank in the pantheon second only to him and Enki, and honors and lands commensurate with his position.
Comment:
God of boundaries, roads, travelers, merchants, thieves, athletes, shepherds, commerce, speed, cunning, language, oratory, wit, and messages Member of the Twelve Olympians
10.6 MB
View full-sizeDownload Hermes (/ˈhɜːrmiːz/; Greek: Ἑρμῆς) is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology considered the herald of the gods. He is also widely considered the protector of human heralds, travelers, thieves, merchants, and orators. He is able to move quickly and freely between the worlds of the mortal and the divine aided by his winged sandals. Hermes plays the role of the psychopomp or "soul guide"—a conductor of souls into the afterlife. In myth, Hermes functions as the emissary and messenger of the gods,[6] and is often presented as the son of Zeus and Maia, the Pleiad. He is regarded as "the divine trickster", about which the Homeric Hymn to Hermes offers the most well-known account. Hermes's attributes and symbols include the herma, the rooster, the tortoise, satchel or pouch, talaria (winged sandals), and winged helmet or simple petasos, as well as the palm tree, goat, the number four, several kinds of fish, and incense. However, his main symbol is the caduceus, a winged staff intertwined with two snakes copulating and carvings of the other gods. In Roman mythology and religion many of Hermes's characteristics belong to Mercury, a name derived from the Latin merx, meaning "merchandise," and the origin of the word's "merchant" and "commerce."
In Greek mythology, Enlil is the equivalent of Zeus, according to Sitchin, who also equated Prince Nanna with the Greek Hermes and Egyptian Thoth.
Thoth, in one of his forms as an ibis-headed man
232 KB
View full-sizeDownload Thoth (from Koinē Greek: Θώθ Thṓth, borrowed from Coptic: Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout, Egyptian: Ḏḥwtj, the reflex of ḏḥwtj "[he] is like the ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. His feminine counterpart was Seshat, and his wife was Ma'at. He was the god of the Moon, wisdom, knowledge, writing, hieroglyphs, science, magic, art and judgment. Thoth's chief temple was located in the city of Hermopolis (Ancient Egyptian: ḫmnw /χaˈmaːnaw/, Egyptological pronunciation: "Khemenu", Coptic: Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ Shmun). Later known as el-Ashmunein in Egyptian Arabic, the Temple of Thoth was mostly destroyed before the beginning of the Christian era. Its very large pronaos was still standing in 1826, but was demolished and used as fill for the foundation of a sugar factory by the mid-19th century. Thoth played many vital and prominent roles in Egyptian mythology, such as maintaining the universe, and being one of the two deities (the other being Ma'at) who stood on either side of Ra's solar barque. In the later history of ancient Egypt, Thoth became heavily associated with the arbitration of godly disputes, the arts of magic, the system of writing, and the judgment of the dead.
King of the Gods God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, and order Member of the Twelve Olympians
13.6 MB
View full-sizeDownload Zeus (/zjuːs/, Ancient Greek: Ζεύς) is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first syllable of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to Hera, by whom he is usually said to have fathered Ares, Eileithyia, Hebe, and Hephaestus. At the oracle of Dodona, his consort was said to be Dione, by whom the Iliad states that he fathered Aphrodite. According to the Theogony, Zeus's first wife was Metis, by whom he had Athena. Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many divine and heroic offspring, including Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Persephone, Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses. He was respected as a sky father who was chief of the gods and assigned roles to the others: "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence." He was equated with many foreign weather gods, permitting Pausanias to observe "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". Zeus's symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" (Greek: Νεφεληγερέτα, Nephelēgereta) also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the ancient Near East, such as the scepter.
Because the parents of Hermes were Zeus and Maia, it logically follows that Ninlil is the equivalent of Maia.
Hermes and Maia, detail from an Attic red-figure amphora (c. 500 BC)
9.82 MB
View full-sizeDownload Maia (/ˈmeɪ.ə, ˈmaɪ.ə/; Ancient Greek: Μαῖα; also spelled Maie, Μαίη; Latin: Maia), in ancient Greek religion and mythology, is one of the Pleiades and the mother of Hermes, one of the major Greek gods, by Zeus, the king of Olympus.
Although he was An’s first born, Enki was given lower rank than his younger brother Enlil, who had been born to An by another wife who was also his half-sister.
By the laws of Sumerian inheritance, Enlil became heir to the throne.
Lingering resentment over his disinheritance and the growing competition over who would control activities on Earth brought Enki into direct conflict with his brother Enlil.
EN-KI or "Lord of the Earth" was also called EA or "he whose house is on the water," a tacit reference to his water place or Abzu from where he carried out operations when he first arrived on Earth.
Enki was all things to the expedition:
Chief Engineer
Chief Scientist
Chief of Mining
and more importantly, the Creator of Mankind.
Comment:
Here we once again find the oceanic reference to Enki, or Poseidon, God of the Seas.
The Poseidon of Melos, a statue of Poseidon found in Milos in 1877
6.81 MB
View full-sizeDownload Poseidon (/pəˈsaɪdən, pɒ-, poʊ-/ Greek: Ποσειδῶν) is one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and mythology, presiding over the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses. He was the protector of seafarers and the guardian of many Hellenic cities and colonies. In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, Poseidon was venerated as a chief deity at Pylos and Thebes, with the cult title "earth shaker"; in the myths of isolated Arcadia, he is related to Demeter and Persephone and was venerated as a horse, and as a god of the waters. Poseidon maintained both associations among most Greeks: he was regarded as the tamer or father of horses, who, with a strike of his trident, created springs (the terms for horses and springs are related in the Greek language). His Roman equivalent is Neptune. Homer and Hesiod suggest that Poseidon became lord of the sea when, following the overthrow of his father Cronus, the world was divided by lot among Cronus' three sons; Zeus was given the sky, Hades the underworld, and Poseidon the sea, with the Earth and Mount Olympus belonging to all three. In Homer's Iliad, Poseidon supports the Greeks against the Trojans during the Trojan War; in the Odyssey, during the sea-voyage from Troy back home to Ithaca, the Greek hero Odysseus provokes Poseidon's fury by blinding his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus, resulting in Poseidon punishing him with storms, causing the complete loss of his ship and companions, and delaying his return by ten years. Poseidon is also the subject of a Homeric hymn. In Plato's Timaeus and Critias, the legendary island of Atlantis was Poseidon's domain. Poseidon is famous for his contests with other deities for winning the patronage of the city. According to legend, Athena became the patron goddess of the city of Athens after a competition with Poseidon, though he remained on the Acropolis in the form of his surrogate, Erechtheus. After the fight, Poseidon sent a monstrous flood to the Attic plain to punish the Athenians for not choosing him. In similar competitions with other deities in different cities, he causes devastating floods when he loses. Poseidon is a horrifying and avenging god and must be honoured even when he is not the patron deity of the city. Some scholars suggested that Poseidon was probably a Pelasgian god or a god of the Minyans. However, it is possible that Poseidon, like Zeus, was a common god of all Greeks from the beginning.
As a master engineer, he supervised the turning of the marshlands of lower Mesopotamia into a veritable paradise.
He planned and supervised the construction of the canal system, the diking of the rivers, and the draining of the marshlands.
In a self-laudatory poem, he boasts of making the marshlands a haven for birds and fishes, of directing the invention and use of the plow and yoke, of starting animal husbandry, and bringing the construction arts to Earth in order to raise the cities.
Enki had many epithets.
He was:
the God of Wisdom
the God Mining
the Lord of the Flowing Waters
the Lord of the Sea and Shipbuilding
He is often portrayed with a stream and fish flowing from his shoulders, symbolic of his capacity to provide navigable waters and to insure potable water to the cities of Mesopotamia.
His home was E-RI-DU, that is, "home built far away," a veiled reference to the fact that this was a colony.
Eridu was the first city built by the alien astronauts on Earth and was located on the edge of the watered plain or EDIN.
Enki loved to go sailing or cruising on these water courses in his watercraft which he called "the Ibex" after the nimble goats which inhabited the surrounding mountains.
In this way, the ibex and the goat with a fish tail became symbolic of the God Enki and appear often on Sumerian seals and monuments.
As the God of Mining, Enki is often shown with a human miner holding an ingot of metal on a carrying pole.
Metal was molded this way, in the form of a cylinder with a hole through the middle, in order to facilitate its being carried on a pole with a handle.
He is also shown at times with his two sons Gibil and Nergal who were in charge of mining activities.
But most important of all, Enki is remembered as the god who created man and who came to his defense against the capricious Enlil.
As the creator of Man, he is often shown with the,
"The tree or shrub of life."
The serpent was also Enki’s symbol, presumably for its ability to shed its skin and therefore achieve a sort of immortality.
The depiction of the serpent was one method the ancient artisans used to represent their reptile ancestors.
It is also from the representation of the serpent coiled around the tree of life, that the "Caduceus" of the Greeks later evolved.
Just as the capricious Enlil is remembered as the god who brought on the Deluge, Enki is recognized as the one who saved Mankind by his timely warning of the coming disaster to the Sumerian Noah.
Enki’s unauthorized creation of modern man or Homo sapiens further estranged him from Enlil.
The antagonism between the two erupted again after the Deluge among their children who kept the Middle East in a state of turmoil for thousands of years.
Comment:
Even up to the present day, it might be added - those people never stop fighting!
NIN-HUR-SAG or "Lady of the Mountain Top" was the fourth senior Sumerian god.
She was a half-sister to Enki and Enlil.
In earlier days Ninhursag was of higher rank than Enki and preceded his name when they appeared together.
She was later reduced in status and practically disappeared from the pantheon as a major or effective influence.
Comment:
From Sitchin’s work we know that Ninhursag is the equivalent of the Egyptian Isis, which in turn we know from Greek mythology is the Greek Goddess Hera, later renamed Juno by the Romans.
It may be that she was eclipsed by the rising star of Inanna or Ishtar who injected herself in all Sumerian and western affairs.
She was also known for her militant role as the warrior goddess.
Ninhursag is also known by many other names such as:
NIN-TI (the Lady who gives Life)
NIN-MAH (The Exalted Lady)
MAM-MU (The Creator Goddess), a name from whence came our word Mama
Comment:
In the lands of the Incas, she was known as "Pachamama."
Is this great, or what!?
Ninhursag was given the antediluvian city of Shuruppak where she reigned as the Chief Medical Officer and Chief Nurse for the members of the expedition.
Her sacred symbol was the umbilical cord, and the cutter knife used to sever it
Enki and Ninkhursag directed biological experiments in the laboratories atop her ziggurat at Shuruppak and in Enki’s floating headquarters which led to the creation of the first primitive man called a "lulu."
This was a hybrid mammal-reptile form.
This was done at the direct request of Enlil who wanted a creature able to take over the burdensome workload now being performed by the children of An.
Following formulas and processes provided by Enki, Ninhursag produced a worker, but one with a major failing - it could not reproduce itself.
By going a step further, and modifying this primitive being by giving it predominant mammal characteristics, Enki and Ninhursag overreached their commission.
In crossbreeding the "lulu" with the wild primitive man of the period - Neanderthal Man - they achieved a new worker type, modern man or Homo sapiens, better known as Cro-Magnon Man.
Comment:
i.e., Us.
It was this activity that brought down the wrath of Enlil.
In further diluting the saurian strain, he saw it as a direct threat to the survival of the reptile race.
THE NUMERICAL RANK OF THE GODS
There was a very explicit "pecking order" among the astronaut-gods of the Sumerian pantheon.
They were assigned numerical ranks based on a system of 60.
This number represented a special, almost mystical, significance for the Sumerians.
Each major god was given a numerical "name" which represented his rank in the hierarchy.
In this way, numbers were used as a sort of cryptography.
The numerical ranks of the Sumerian ruling deities were assigned in descending order of importance:
According to Sumerian tradition, only males could command, a policy that caused much distress in the affairs of the Middle East, for Inanna refused to accept her status and intrigued and plotted almost continuously to gain political power.
The number 50 not only represented the rank of Enlil, but also his position as chief of all the activities on Earth.
After the Deluge, when the younger gods challenged the authority of the older gods for leadership, Enlil’s military aide Ninurta assumed the title of ’fifty' and thereby lay claim to the mantle of leadership which apparently had been vacated by Enlil.
Assyrian stone relief from the temple of Ninurta at Kalhu, showing the god with his thunderbolts pursuing Anzû, who has stolen the Tablet of Destinies from Enlil's sanctuary (Austen Henry Layard Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd Series, 1853)
2.07 MB
View full-sizeDownload Ninurta (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁: DNIN.URTA, possible meaning "Lord [of] Barley"), also known as Ninĝirsu (Sumerian: 𒀭𒎏𒄈𒋢: DNIN.ĜIR2.SU, meaning "Lord [of] Girsu"), is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with farming, healing, hunting, law, scribes, and war who was first worshipped in early Sumer. In the earliest records, he is a god of agriculture and healing, who cures humans of sicknesses and releases them from the power of demons. In later times, as Mesopotamia grew more militarized, he became a warrior deity, though he retained many of his earlier agricultural attributes. He was regarded as the son of the chief god Enlil and his main cult center in Sumer was the Eshumesha temple in Nippur. Ninĝirsu was honored by King Gudea of Lagash (ruled 2144–2124 BC), who rebuilt Ninĝirsu's temple in Lagash. Later, Ninurta became beloved by the Assyrians as a formidable warrior. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883–859 BC) built a massive temple for him at Kalhu, which became his most important cult center from then on. In the epic poem Lugal-e, Ninurta slays the demon Asag using his talking mace Sharur and uses stones to build the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to make them useful for irrigation. In a poem sometimes referred to as the "Sumerian Georgica", Ninurta provides agricultural advice to farmers. In an Akkadian myth, he was the champion of the gods against the Anzû bird after it stole the Tablet of Destinies from his father Enlil and, in a myth that is alluded to in many works but never fully preserved, he killed a group of warriors known as the "Slain Heroes". His major symbols were a perched bird and a plow. It has been suggested that Ninurta was the inspiration for the figure of Nimrod, a "mighty hunter" who is mentioned in association with Kalhu in the Book of Genesis, although the view has been disputed. He may also be mentioned in the Second Book of Kings under the name Nisroch. In the nineteenth century, Assyrian stone reliefs of winged, eagle-headed figures from the temple of Ninurta at Kalhu were commonly, but erroneously, identified as "Nisrochs" and they appear in works of fantasy literature from the time period.
Besides Ninurta, there was another claimant to the leadership.
Marduk, the eldest son of Enki, was unranked in the pantheon; he also assumed the title of "fifty" as he proclaimed himself chief of Babylon.
God of Creation, water, agriculture, justice, medicine, and magic 9th century BC depiction of the Statue of Marduk, with his servant dragon Mušḫuššu. This was Marduk's main cult image in Babylon.
320 KB
View full-sizeDownload Marduk (Cuneiform: 𒀭𒀫𒌓 ᵈAMAR.UTU; Sumerian: amar utu.k "calf of the sun; solar calf"; Hebrew: מְרֹדַךְ, Modern: Merōdaḵ, Tiberian: Mərōḏaḵ) is a god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of Babylon who eventually rose to power in the 1st millennium BC. In Babylon, Marduk was worshipped in the temple Esagila. His symbol is the spade and he is associated with the Mušḫuššu. By the 1st millennium BC, Marduk had become astrologically associated with the planet Jupiter. He was a prominent figure in Babylonian cosmology, especially in the Enūma Eliš creation myth.
With the eclipse of the senior gods after the Deluge, there was a scramble for power among the younger gods:
Nanna
Utu
Ishkur
(with Inanna seemingly always involved).
It brought much disorder to the nations of the Middle East.
This manifested itself in constant warfare among the cities of Mesopotamia which became pawns in the struggle of the competing gods.
SECOND TIER OF THE PANTHEON, THE YOUNGER RULING GODS
Only the sons, daughters, wives, and grandchildren of Enlil were given numerical rank in the pantheon.
The sons of Enki did not participate, perhaps because they were assigned geographic areas and activities away from Mesopotamia after the Deluge, a precaution on the part of Enlil to prevent conflict between the cousins, but presumably also to retain control of Mesopotamia for his family.
The Sumerian gods were always depicted graphically with horned crowns.
In later days, the senior gods were represented by a horned crown sitting on an altar.
When the names of the gods were written out on the cuneiform tablets they were always preceded by the pictographic symbol of a star or a "dingir."
The term "dingir" was a combination of DIN meaning "the righteous one" and GIR, the word for a bird or flying object.
In other words, the symbol "dingir" meant that the name which followed was that of a god who was separated from common humanity by his ability to move about by celestial chariot or craft.
Each god had his sacred animal and symbol; these can be clearly seen on the boundary stones or markers as used by the Babylonian dynasties of the Second Millennium BC. NANNA, THE LEGITIMATE RULER OF MESOPOTAMIA
Born of the rape of Ninlil, NAN-NA (The Bright One) was the favorite son of Enlil.
After the Deluge he was assigned all the lands of:
Mesopotamia
Syria
Palestine
His sacred city was Ur or "Capital City" and his sacred symbol was the crescent moon.
This symbol so dominated the post-diluvian times that it later was adopted by Islam, just as the cross of Shamash was adopted by the Christians.
His Semitic name SIN (the Sinai region was named after him) is really not a Semitic name but a loan-word from Sumerian SU-EN or ZU-EN meaning "The Wise Lord."
Assyrian stone relief from the temple of Ninurta at Kalhu, showing the god with his thunderbolts pursuing Anzû, who has stolen the Tablet of Destinies from Enlil's sanctuary (Austen Henry Layard Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd Series, 1853)
2.07 MB
View full-sizeDownload Ninurta (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁: DNIN.URTA, possible meaning "Lord [of] Barley"), also known as Ninĝirsu (Sumerian: 𒀭𒎏𒄈𒋢: DNIN.ĜIR2.SU, meaning "Lord [of] Girsu"), is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with farming, healing, hunting, law, scribes, and war who was first worshipped in early Sumer. In the earliest records, he is a god of agriculture and healing, who cures humans of sicknesses and releases them from the power of demons. In later times, as Mesopotamia grew more militarized, he became a warrior deity, though he retained many of his earlier agricultural attributes. He was regarded as the son of the chief god Enlil and his main cult center in Sumer was the Eshumesha temple in Nippur. Ninĝirsu was honored by King Gudea of Lagash (ruled 2144–2124 BC), who rebuilt Ninĝirsu's temple in Lagash. Later, Ninurta became beloved by the Assyrians as a formidable warrior. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883–859 BC) built a massive temple for him at Kalhu, which became his most important cult center from then on. In the epic poem Lugal-e, Ninurta slays the demon Asag using his talking mace Sharur and uses stones to build the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to make them useful for irrigation. In a poem sometimes referred to as the "Sumerian Georgica", Ninurta provides agricultural advice to farmers. In an Akkadian myth, he was the champion of the gods against the Anzû bird after it stole the Tablet of Destinies from his father Enlil and, in a myth that is alluded to in many works but never fully preserved, he killed a group of warriors known as the "Slain Heroes". His major symbols were a perched bird and a plow. It has been suggested that Ninurta was the inspiration for the figure of Nimrod, a "mighty hunter" who is mentioned in association with Kalhu in the Book of Genesis, although the view has been disputed. He may also be mentioned in the Second Book of Kings under the name Nisroch.[a] In the nineteenth century, Assyrian stone reliefs of winged, eagle-headed figures from the temple of Ninurta at Kalhu were commonly, but erroneously, identified as "Nisrochs" and they appear in works of fantasy literature from the time period.
Since Sumerian names can be read forward as well as backwards, Zuen may be the EN-ZU or "The Lord Zu" who stole the Tablets of Destiny from Enlil and were retrieved by Ninurta with the aid of Ishkur and weapons supplied by Enki.
Assyrian soldiers carrying a statue of Adad
2.35 MB
View full-sizeDownload Hadad (Ugaritic: 𐎅𐎄, romanized: Haddu), Haddad, Adad (Akkadian: 𒀭𒅎 DIM, pronounced as Adād), or Iškur (Sumerian) was the storm and rain god in the Canaanite and ancient Mesopotamian religions. He was attested in Ebla as "Hadda" in c. 2500 BCE. From the Levant, Hadad was introduced to Mesopotamia by the Amorites, where he became known as the Akkadian (Assyrian-Babylonian) god Adad. Adad and Iškur are usually written with the logogram 𒀭𒅎 dIM[7]—the same symbol used for the Hurrian god Teshub. Hadad was also called Rimon/Rimmon, Pidar, Rapiu, Baal-Zephon,[9] or often simply Baʿal (Lord), but this title was also used for other gods. The bull was the symbolic animal of Hadad. He appeared bearded, often holding a club and thunderbolt and wearing a bull-horned headdress. Hadad was equated with the Greek god Zeus, the Roman god Jupiter (Jupiter Dolichenus), as well as the Babylonian Bel.[citation needed] The Baal Cycle or Epic of Baal is a collection of stories about the Canaanite Baal, also referred to as Hadad. It was composed between 1400 and 1200 B.C. and rediscovered in the excavation of Ugarit, an ancient city in modern-day Syria. The storm god Adad and the sun god Shamash jointly became the patron gods of oracles and divination in Mesopotamia.
This is strongly suggested by the notable absence of Nanna/Sin from "The Myth of Zu" discussed below.
It also explains Sin’s falling out of favor at certain times in the history of Mesopotamia and the challenge of Ninurta to the rank of "fifty."
UTU, CHIEF OF THE SPACE FACILITIES
Utu or "The Shining One" was a grandson of Enlil and with Inanna was a twin born to Nanna.
Representation of Shamash from the Tablet of Shamash (c. 888 – 855 BC), showing him sitting on his throne dispensing justice while clutching a rod-and-ring symbol
846 KB
View full-sizeDownload Shamash (Akkadian: šamaš[a]), also known as Utu (Sumerian: dutu 𒀭𒌓 "Sun") was the ancient Mesopotamian sun god. He was believed to see everything that happened in the world every day, and was therefore responsible for justice and protection of travelers. As a divine judge, he could be associated with the underworld. Additionally, he could serve as the god of divination, typically alongside the weather god Adad. While he was universally regarded as one of the primary gods, he was particularly venerated in Sippar and Larsa. The moon god Nanna (Sin) and his wife Ningal were regarded as his parents, while his twin sister was Inanna (Ishtar). Occasionally other goddesses, such as Manzat and Pinikir, could be regarded as his sisters too. The dawn goddess Aya (Sherida) was his wife, and multiple texts describe their daily reunions taking place on a mountain where the sun was believed to set. Among their children were Kittum, the personification of truth, dream deities such as Mamu, as well as the god Ishum. Utu's name could be used to write the names of many foreign solar deities logographically. The connection between him and the Hurrian solar god Shimige is particularly well attested, and the latter could be associated with Aya as well. While no myths focusing on Utu are known, he often appears as an ally of other figures in both Sumerian and Akkadian compositions. According to narratives about Dumuzi's death, he helped protect him when the galla demons tried to drag him to the underworld. In various versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh and in earlier Gilgamesh myths, he helps this hero defeat the monstrous Humbaba. In the myth Inanna and An, he helps his sister acquire the temple Eanna. In How Grain Came to Sumer, he is invoked to advise Ninazu and Ninmada.
Utu’s city in antediluvian times was the space platform at Sippar, from where the freighters laden with metals shuttled to and from the orbiting spaceship.
After the Deluge, Sippar remained his sacred city, although he moved his space activities to the west to the land of Lebanon, where Baalbek became the new space platform.
In the Western Lands he was known by his Semitic name of Shamash.
The city of Baalbek was called Beth-Shamash in the Old Testament, or in other words the "House of Shamash."
The symbol of Shamash was the four-pointed star against a disk with rays.
Later, the winged solar disk became associated with Shamash.
He subsequently became known as the God of Justice in the Babylonian pantheon, as shown on a table, circa 900 BC, found at Sippar.
Shamash was worshiped as the Sun God who daily traversed the skies and the "one from whom no secrets were hid," probably because his spacecraft surveyed all that went on below.
In this tablet two horned gods in "heaven" hold divine cords which connect with the altar of Shamash below.
The cords represent his connection or shuttle flight between heaven and earth.
As the divine cord holder, it was said he traversed the skies and,
"measured the bounds of the Earth."
Comment:
Apollo Belvedere, c. 120–140 CE God of oracles, healing, archery, music and arts, light, knowledge, herds and flocks, and protection of the young Member of the Twelve Olympians and the Dii Consentes
28 MB
View full-sizeDownload Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more. One of the most important and complex of the Greek gods, he is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis, goddess of the hunt. He is considered to be the most beautiful god and is represented as the ideal of the kouros (ephebe, or a beardless, athletic youth). Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. As the patron deity of Delphi (Apollo Pythios), Apollo is an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle and also the deity of ritual purification. His oracles were often consulted for guidance in various matters. He was in general seen as the god who affords help and wards off evil, and is referred to as Alexicacus, the "averter of evil". Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill health and deadly plague with his arrows. The invention of archery itself is credited to Apollo and his sister Artemis. Apollo is usually described as carrying a silver or golden bow and a quiver of silver or golden arrows. As the god of mousike, Apollo presides over all music, songs, dance, and poetry. He is the inventor of string-music and the frequent companion of the Muses, functioning as their chorus leader in celebrations. The lyre is a common attribute of Apollo. Protection of the young is one of the best attested facets of his panhellenic cult persona. As a kourotrophos, Apollo is concerned with the health and education of children, and he presided over their passage into adulthood. Long hair, which was the prerogative of boys, was cut at the coming of age (ephebeia) and dedicated to Apollo. The god himself is depicted with long, uncut hair to symbolise his eternal youth. Apollo is an important pastoral deity, and he was the patron of herdsmen and shepherds. Protection of herds, flocks and crops from diseases, pests and predators were his primary rustic duties. On the other hand, Apollo also encouraged the founding of new towns and the establishment of civil constitutions, is associated with dominion over colonists, and was the giver of laws. His oracles were often consulted before setting laws in a city. Apollo Agyieus was the protector of the streets, public places and home entrances. In Hellenistic times, especially during the 5th century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, the personification of the Sun. Although Latin theological works from at least 1st century BCE identified Apollo with Sol, there was no conflation between the two among the classical Latin poets until 1st century CE.
Utu/Shamash was known in Greek mythology as the Sun God Apollo, later renamed Helios by the Romans.
Helios in his chariot, early 4th century BC, Athena's temple, Ilion
747 KB
View full-sizeDownload In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Helios (/ˈhiːliəs, -ɒs/; Ancient Greek: Ἥλιος pronounced [hɛ̌ːlios], lit. 'Sun'; Homeric Greek: Ἠέλιος) is the god who personifies the Sun. His name is also Latinized as Helius, and he is often given the epithets Hyperion ("the one above") and Phaethon ("the shining"). Helios is often depicted in art with a radiant crown and driving a horse-drawn chariot through the sky. He was a guardian of oaths and also the god of sight. Though Helios was a relatively minor deity in Classical Greece, his worship grew more prominent in late antiquity thanks to his identification with several major solar divinities of the Roman period, particularly Apollo and Sol. The Roman Emperor Julian made Helios the central divinity of his short-lived revival of traditional Roman religious practices in the 4th century AD. Helios figures prominently in several works of Greek mythology, poetry, and literature, in which he is often described as the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia and brother of the goddesses Selene (the Moon) and Eos (the Dawn). Helios' most notable role in Greek mythology is the story of his mortal son Phaethon. In the Homeric epics, his most notable role is the one he plays in the Odyssey, where Odysseus' men despite his warnings impiously kill and eat Helios's sacred cattle that the god kept at Thrinacia, his sacred island. Once informed of their misdeed, Helios in wrath asks Zeus to punish those who wronged him, and Zeus agreeing strikes their ship with a thunderbolt, killing everyone, except for Odysseus himself, the only one who had not harmed the cattle, and was allowed to live. Due to his position as the sun, he was believed to be an all-seeing witness, and thus was often invoked in oaths. He also played a significant part in ancient magic and spells. In art he is usually depicted as a beardless youth in a chiton holding a whip and driving his quadriga, accompanied by various other celestial gods such as Selene, Eos, or the stars. In ancient times he was worshipped in several places of ancient Greece, though his major cult centers were the island of Rhodes, of which he was patron god, Corinth and the greater Corinthia region. The Colossus of Rhodes, a gigantic statue of the god, adorned the port of Rhodes until it was destroyed in an earthquake, thereupon it was not built again.
Ptolemaic bronze Harpocrates, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon
874 KB
View full-sizeDownload Harpocrates (Ancient Greek: Ἁρποκράτης, Phoenician: 𐤇𐤓𐤐𐤊𐤓𐤈, romanized: ḥrpkrṭ, Coptic: ϩⲁⲣⲡⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲏⲥ harpokratēs) is the god of silence, secrets and confidentiality in the Hellenistic religion developed in Ptolemaic Alexandria (and also an embodiment of hope, according to Plutarch). Greeks adapted Harpocrates from the Egyptian child-god Horus, who represented the newborn sun, rising each day at dawn. The name "Harpocrates" originated as a Hellenization of the Egyptian Har-pa-khered or Heru-pa-khered, meaning "Horus the Child". Depictions showed Horus as a naked boy with his finger to his mouth, a realisation[clarification needed] of the hieroglyph for "child" (𓀔). Misunderstanding this gesture, later Greeks and Roman poets made Harpocrates the god of silence and of secrecy.
Shamash was often depicted with wings indicative of his role as Chief Astronaut of the Anunnaki.
An Assyrian relief from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Nimrod shows him in a winged wheel hovering over the symbolic tree of life.
It is flanked by two nobles and two winged astronauts each bearing the symbols of immortality - the pinecone and the "situla" or water bucket.
Comment:
Drunvalo Melchizedek talks about the fact that the pinecone forms in the perfect Fibonacci Sequence.
I have looked at pinecones after reading that, and it is true.
Thus, if the Fibonacci Sequence is indeed incorporated into the mathematical structure of the Great Pyramid of Egypt, as Drunvalo suggests, then this symbol of a pinecone relating to Utu could indicate this as well, because the Great Pyramid and Sphinx were constructed in the first place to be "landing beacons," so to speak, for Space Commander Utu’s Sinai Spaceport.
Also, it is interesting that in the book Hamlet’s Mill by Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend, in connection with the discussion of the Planet Nibiru in Appendix 39, the "symbolic tree" or "pukku" is detailed at great length. See also The Cosmic Tree.
INANNA, LOVE GODDESS AND CHIEF TROUBLEMAKER
IN-ANNA or "The Beloved of Anu" was a twin to Shamash and granddaughter of Anu.
Since Anu descended to Earth only occasionally to visit his sacred city of Uruk, Inanna convinced him to let her rule the city in his absence.
Later she became the patron deity of Agade just before its destruction.
Better known by her Semitic name of Ishtar, she is depicted as a powerful goddess throughout the post-diluvian period, in the Western Lands as well as in Mesopotamia.
Her sacred symbol, the eight-pointed star, is always predominant among the symbols of the ruling gods.
By virtue of her gender, Inanna or Ishtar could not legally rule, yet she managed to inject herself into politics everywhere.
One poem describes her descent to the nether world to try to seize power from her older sister Ereshkigal.
Comment:
Because of all the incestuous relationships among these various ranking gods and goddesses, it is often difficult to determine just who was a sister or brother of whom, or who exactly was whose grandchild.
It is my opinion, for example, that Inanna was the great-granddaughter, not merely the granddaughter, of Anu.
These genealogical problems will be analyzed in much greater detail in a future article devoted specifically to royal lineages.
Another myth relates how she managed to trick Enki into giving her some of the Tablets of Destiny or MEs which gave her the authority and the means to install herself as ruler of Uruk.
In the famous "Gilgamesh Epic" she offers her favors to the hero of the epic who resoundly rejects her advances, thereby enraging her to the extent that she tried to destroy Gilgamesh.
The image presented by the Sumerian and Babylonian literature is a mixed one - that of the love goddess on the one hand, and that of the militant warrior on the other.
She not only interfered in the affairs of Mesopotamia but also dominated the pantheon of the Western Lands of:
Palestine
Lebanon
Syria
and Anatolia where she was known under various names such as:
Ishtar
Ashtoreth
Astarte
Asherah
and Anat among others.
Pallas Athenas (1657) by Rembrandt, which recalls her attributes as the goddess of warfare.
3.74 MB
View full-sizeDownload Athena[b] or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of various cities across Greece, particularly the city of Athens, from which she most likely received her name. The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens is dedicated to her. Her major symbols include owls, olive trees, snakes, and the Gorgoneion. In art, she is generally depicted wearing a helmet and holding a spear. From her origin as an Aegean palace goddess, Athena was closely associated with the city. She was known as Polias and Poliouchos (both derived from polis, meaning "city-state"), and her temples were usually located atop the fortified acropolis in the central part of the city. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis is dedicated to her, along with numerous other temples and monuments. As the patron of craft and weaving, Athena was known as Ergane. She was also a warrior goddess, and was believed to lead soldiers into battle as Athena Promachos. Her main festival in Athens was the Panathenaia, which was celebrated during the month of Hekatombaion in midsummer and was the most important festival on the Athenian calendar. In Greek mythology, Athena was believed to have been born from the forehead of her father Zeus. In some versions of the story, Athena has no mother and is born from Zeus' forehead by parthenogenesis. In others, such as Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus swallows his consort Metis, who was pregnant with Athena; in this version, Athena is first born within Zeus and then escapes from his body through his forehead. In the founding myth of Athens, Athena bested Poseidon in a competition over patronage of the city by creating the first olive tree. She was known as Athena Parthenos "Athena the Virgin". In one archaic Attic myth, the god Hephaestus tried and failed to rape her, resulting in Gaia giving birth to Erichthonius, an important Athenian founding hero. Athena was the patron goddess of heroic endeavor; she was believed to have aided the heroes Perseus, Heracles, Bellerophon, and Jason. Along with Aphrodite and Hera, Athena was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War. She plays an active role in the Iliad, in which she assists the Achaeans and, in the Odyssey, she is the divine counselor to Odysseus. In the later writings of the Roman poet Ovid, Athena was said to have competed against the mortal Arachne in a weaving competition, afterward transforming Arachne into the first spider; Ovid also describes how Athena transformed her priestess Medusa and the latter's sisters, Stheno and Euryale, into the Gorgons after witnessing the young woman being raped by Poseidon in the goddess's temple. Since the Renaissance, Athena has become an international symbol of wisdom, the arts, and classical learning. Western artists and allegorists have often used Athena as a symbol of freedom and democracy.
Inanna was the prototype for both warrior and love goddesses in the Mediterranean area and later became the model for the two Greek goddesses, Pallas Athena and Aphrodite.
Goddess of love, lust, passion, pleasure, beauty, and sexuality Member of the Twelve Olympians - The Ludovisi Cnidian Aphrodite, Roman marble copy (torso and thighs) with restored head, arms, legs and drapery support
10.3 MB
View full-sizeDownload Aphrodite (/ˌæfrəˈdaɪtiː/ ⓘ, AF-rə-DY-tee) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart Venus, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. Aphrodite's major symbols include seashells, myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of "sacred prostitution" in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous. In Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite is born off the coast of Cythera from the foam (ἀφρός, aphrós) produced by Uranus's genitals, which his son Cronus had severed and thrown into the sea. In Homer's Iliad, however, she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Plato, in his Symposium, asserts that these two origins actually belong to separate entities: Aphrodite Urania (a transcendent, "Heavenly" Aphrodite) and Aphrodite Pandemos (Aphrodite common to "all the people"). Aphrodite had many other epithets, each emphasizing a different aspect of the same goddess, or used by a different local cult. Thus she was also known as Cytherea (Lady of Cythera) and Cypris (Lady of Cyprus), because both locations claimed to be the place of her birth. In Greek mythology, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of fire, blacksmiths and metalworking. Aphrodite was frequently unfaithful to him and had many lovers; in the Odyssey, she is caught in the act of adultery with Ares, the god of war. In the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she seduces the mortal shepherd Anchises. Aphrodite was also the surrogate mother and lover of the mortal shepherd Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar. Along with Athena and Hera, Aphrodite was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War and she plays a major role throughout the Iliad. Aphrodite has been featured in Western art as a symbol of female beauty and has appeared in numerous works of Western literature. She is a major deity in modern Neopagan religions, including the Church of Aphrodite, Wicca, and Hellenismos.
Comment:
This is slightly incorrect.
In Greco-Roman mythology Inanna was known as Aphrodite/Venus; thus, in Egypt as Hathor.
Composite image of Hathor's most common iconography, based partly on images from the tomb of Nefertari
197 KB
View full-sizeDownload Hathor (Ancient Egyptian: ḥwt-ḥr, lit. 'House of Horus', Ancient Greek: Ἁθώρ Hathōr, Coptic: ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Meroitic: 𐦠𐦴𐦫𐦢 Atari) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky god Horus and the sun god Ra, both of whom were connected with kingship, and thus she was the symbolic mother of their earthly representatives, the pharaohs. She was one of several goddesses who acted as the Eye of Ra, Ra's feminine counterpart, and in this form, she had a vengeful aspect that protected him from his enemies. Her beneficent side represented music, dance, joy, love, sexuality, and maternal care, and she acted as the consort of several male deities and the mother of their sons. These two aspects of the goddess exemplified the Egyptian conception of femininity. Hathor crossed boundaries between worlds, helping deceased souls in the transition to the afterlife. Hathor was often depicted as a cow, symbolizing her maternal and celestial aspect, although her most common form was a woman wearing a headdress of cow horns and a sun disk. She could also be represented as a lioness, a cobra, or a sycamore tree. Cattle goddesses similar to Hathor were portrayed in Egyptian art in the fourth millennium BC, but she may not have appeared until the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC). With the patronage of Old Kingdom rulers, she became one of Egypt's most important deities. More temples were dedicated to her than to any other goddess; her most prominent temple was Dendera in Upper Egypt. She was also worshipped in the temples of her male consorts. The Egyptians connected her with foreign lands, such as Nubia and Canaan, and their valuable goods, such as incense and semiprecious stones, and some of the peoples in those lands adopted her worship. In Egypt, she was one of the deities commonly invoked in private prayers and votive offerings, particularly by women desiring children. During the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC), goddesses such as Mut and Isis encroached on Hathor's position in royal ideology, but she remained one of the most widely worshipped deities. After the end of the New Kingdom, Hathor was increasingly overshadowed by Isis, but she continued to be venerated until the extinction of ancient Egyptian religion in the early centuries AD.
God of fire, volcanoes, metalworking, artisans, metallurgy, carpenters, forges, sculpting, and blacksmiths Member of the Twelve Olympians Hephaestus at the Forge by Guillaume Coustou the Younger (Louvre)
9.07 MB
View full-sizeDownload Hephaestus (UK: /hɪˈfiːstəs/ hif-EE-stəs, US: /hɪˈfɛstəs/ hif-EST-əs; eight spellings; Greek: Ἥφαιστος, translit. Hḗphaistos) is the Greek god of artisans, blacksmiths, carpenters, craftsmen, fire, metallurgy, metalworking, sculpture and volcanoes. Hephaestus's Roman counterpart is Vulcan. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was either the son of Zeus and Hera or he was Hera's parthenogenous child. He was cast off Mount Olympus by his mother Hera because of his lameness, the result of a congenital impairment; or in another account, by Zeus for protecting Hera from his advances (in which case his lameness would have been the result of his fall rather than the reason for it). As a smithing god, Hephaestus made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. He served as the blacksmith of the gods and was worshipped in the manufacturing and industrial centres of Greece, particularly Athens. The cult of Hephaestus was based in Lemnos. Hephaestus's symbols are a smith's hammer, anvil, and a pair of tongs.
Athena was a different goddess entirely, a Warrior Goddess who gave her name to the city of Athens and the consort of the Greco-Roman Warrior God Hephaestus/Vulcan/Typhon.
These two warriors were known in Egypt, respectively, as Sekhmet and Ptah.
From a Nibiruan linguistic standpoint, they could be referred to as Baron Ninurta and Baroness Bau.
ISHKUR, LORD OF ANATOLIA AND GOD OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
The youngest son of Enlil, ISH-KUR or "He of the Mountain Land" was assigned Anatolia as his domain.
Ishkur attempted some inroads into the politics of Mesopotamia, but mostly he limited his activities to trying to extend his sphere of influence and control over Palestine or Canaan.
Comment:
Don’t forget that Anatolia was the "Land of the Amazons and Lesbos," the legendary "Birth Goddesses" who revolted against the Emperor and Empress, causing the Eva to have to be created by Chief Medical Officer and Geneticist, the Queen Ninhursag/Isis.
Better known by his Semitic name Adad, he was the god of thunder and lightning.
He is often depicted holding the forked lightning bolt.
Adad was in all probability the Yahweh (Jehovah) of the Old Testament who tried to use Abraham at first, and later Moses, to extend his sphere of influence over the land of Canaan.
This role is discussed below.
Comment:
This is flat wrong.
Enlil was the Yahweh/Jehovah of the Bible.
And this editor takes great issue with Zecharia Sitchin’s attempt in his latest book "Divine Encounters," final chapter, to disassociate the Yahweh of Jewish tradition from the Nibiruan Pantheon.
To put it quite bluntly, this was a terrible "cop-out" on Sitchin’s part.
He simply cannot have it both ways.
THE NIBIRUAN TABLETS OF DESTINY
Control over the operations of the cities and the activities of Mankind was exercised through a system of directives and formulas called the MEs in Sumerian.
The exact meaning of the word is lost in antiquity, but it seemed to denote a set of rules or regulations assigned to every entity and phenomenon to keep it operating successfully.
Comment:
These MEs are discussed by Sitchin in great detail in "The Wars of Gods and Men," as well as by the authors of Hamlet’s Mill, Appendix 39.
Sometimes they appear to be physical objects that one could pick up and carry.
Possession of the ME gave the owner absolute control of a certain aspect of life or behavior.
Perhaps they were something like our present-day computer chip on which data and operational orders were inscribed and were used to activate a piece of equipment.
In the myth "Enki and the World Order," the MEs appear to control an aircraft under the command of Enki.
In this story, Enki is described as the "Lord who drives the great MEs."
The MEs were in the possession of Enki and were released gradually and sparingly to benefit Mankind.
Our primary source of information on them is the story "Inanna and Enki" where civilization is divided into over 100 elements, each of which required a ME to keep it functioning.
Some 60 odd ones are readable in this myth, and they include, for example:
kingship
priestly office
wisdom
peace
counsel
judgment
falsehood
art
musical instruments
weapons
libel
prostitution
law
and the destruction of cities.
Comment:
This sounds like Archons of Destiny stuff again.
Perhaps the highest strata of Nibiruan Royal Society are really the "Archons of Destiny."
This myth concerns the successful attempt of Inanna to extract some of these MEs from Enki.
According to the story, Enki had prepared a sumptuous feast to entertain the beautiful, but ambitious, granddaughter of Anu.
Seeing that Enki had drunk too much wine and was inebriated, the opportunistic Inanna saw her chance and asked Enki for seven major MEs to which he foolishly agreed.
These MEs embraced the functions necessary for running a city, such as, how to manage:
a temple
the art of warfare and weapons
music and the arts
scribe ship
and mathematics, and many wood and metal crafts.
Comment:
Don’t forget that Utu was the secret lover of Inanna and was eventually known as "the god of music and song" and the inventor of the flute and the lyre.
She probably gave him the secrets of music, which she obtained from her deception of Enki.
Later when Enki sobered up, he realized what he had done and sent his chamberlain by swift "boat of heaven" to pursue the fleeing Inanna and retrieve the MEs.
Comment:
Remember how she cruised all over the Sirius Sector in pursuit of Duke Dumuzi and as a result set off the Pyramid Wars?
Inanna managed to outwit Enki’s messenger, however, and arrived at her adopted city of Uruk much to the acclaim of the citizenry. Inanna boasted that, for all practical purposes, she was now a ruler for she had the official trappings and authority of a monarch.
These MEs would not only confer authority to the owner but absolute power as well, by making the owner of certain MEs impregnable to weapons.
This attribute is described in the Sumerian story of "The Myth of Zu."
As a god serving as retainer to Enlil, Zu plotted a palace revolution by trying to seize control of the Tablets of Destiny that Enlil had carelessly left unattended.
It was previously suggested that the culprit who attempted the coup d’etat was probably none other than Nanna/Sin.
As Enlil was taking a bath, Zu conceived the idea of stealing the MEs or Tablets of Destiny, contending that these divine decrees would give him control over the Anunnaki and Mankind and place him in command of the pantheon.
Zu made good his boast and escaped with the Tablets.
The pantheon was thrown into complete disarray by this alarming development.
Enlil declared that someone must retrieve the MEs to prevent Zu from usurping the authority of the gods.
But it seemed that control of the MEs also made Zu impregnable, giving him the ability to deflect and nullify all weapons sent against him.
Exploding arrows, sounding suspiciously like rocket missiles, were launched against him but were deflected by some sort of forcefield around the "mountain" redoubt that Zu had fortified.
Finally, Enki forged a new special weapon in his laboratory.
It was given to Ninurta, the military aid of Enlil, who finally defeated Zu and brought him back to the airship for trial.
Thus ended the worst threat ever experienced by the Sumerian ruling deities.
God of Creation, water, agriculture, justice, medicine, and magic 9th century BC depiction of the Statue of Marduk, with his servant dragon Mušḫuššu. This was Marduk's main cult image in Babylon.
320 KB
View full-sizeDownload Marduk (Cuneiform: 𒀭𒀫𒌓 ᵈAMAR.UTU; Sumerian: amar utu.k "calf of the sun; solar calf"; Hebrew: מְרֹדַךְ, Modern: Merōdaḵ, Tiberian: Mərōḏaḵ) is a god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of Babylon who eventually rose to power in the 1st millennium BC. In Babylon, Marduk was worshipped in the temple Esagila. His symbol is the spade and he is associated with the Mušḫuššu. By the 1st millennium BC, Marduk had become astrologically associated with the planet Jupiter. He was a prominent figure in Babylonian cosmology, especially in the Enūma Eliš creation myth.
The presence of similar symbols of authority are mentioned in the Scriptures where it is often stated that the possession of certain "divine names" conferred extraordinary power.
Were the MEs of the Sumerians the same as the divine names of the Scriptures?
When Enoch, the antediluvian Patriarch, was deified upon his ascent to the "heavenly abode," he was given "seventy names," according to the "Hebrew Apocalypse of Enoch."
Also called the "First Book of Enoch," this document is believed to have originated in Babylonian Jewry and is attributed to the Rabbi Ishmael, the renowned Palestinian scholar who died in 132 AD.
These seventy names conferred power and authority on Enoch second only to the chief deity.
The "divine names" gave Enoch the power to:
smite kings
elevate the humble
subdue rulers
confer wisdom
make judgments
and
"Control the procession of time and the seasons."
Presumably, the latter meant the authority to adjust the calendar when necessary, such as when worldwide catastrophe made the old calendars obsolete.
